Throughout history, books have been challenged, censored, banned, and even burned because they appear to question belief systems or are surrounded by controversy. This same controversy in current times surrounds J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series and the popularity of the books, especially in young readers. The most notable critics of these books are religious groups, especially conservative Christians. They claim the boy wizard encourages children to dabble in witchcraft and the occult and this has given some motive enough to try to get the books banned from schools, libraries, and bookstores. The real magic of the series that these critics fail to see, however, is the journey Harry takes his readers on as he learns about love, friendship, and sacrifice while defeating evil and hate. It can even be argued that, while Rowling did not write these books from any specific religious or moral perspective, the themes in Harry Potter can be compared to Christian values in the Bible. Despite claims that the Harry Potter series is a bad influence on young readers, the themes and morals presented in them are, in fact, very similar to Christian morals and those of other similar religions.
Wicca and Witchcraft
The biggest debate over the series is whether or not the books promote witchcraft. Many parents have been cautioned by their religious leaders about allowing their children to read the books. They state that because children imitate what they see and read their interest in Harry Potter may in turn lead to a sudden interest in Wicca and the occult. However, by dressing up in cloaks, waving around pretend wands, and shouting out, “Expelliarmus!” children are merely imitating a harmless fantasy story. The actual beliefs of Wicca and the occult are quite different from the storytelling devices in Rowling’s books.
Rowling has been accused of doing research on the subject of witchcraft in order to include these details in her books. In Harry Potter and the Bible, Richard Abanes, a Christian minister and author who is against the books, quotes Rowling from a 1999 interview, “I do a certain amount of research. And folklore is quite important in books” (23). As an author writing a fictional series, it is, indeed, quite necessary to make the setting, the people, and the story seem as realistic as possible for the readers. This does not mean that she is trying to include real witchcraft beliefs into her books to make children interested in the subject. In fact, Abanes has another quote from her several paragraphs before this where she states, “I am truly bemused that anyone who has read the books could think that I am a proponent of the occult in any serious way” (22). The information she includes in her books, such as the mythological creatures and the famous characters, both real and fictional, only makes the story more interesting and fun for the reader and shows what a well-rounded and educated person Rowling is.
Despite his claims that the books promote witchcraft, Richard Abanes does admit in his book Harry Potter, Narnia, and The Lord of the Rings, “Rowling’s novels do not teach ‘Witchcraft’ per se. Nowhere do they present or promote Wiccan doctrines or ‘deal with the philosophical precepts of Wicca’” (129). Wiccans, first of all, believe in an “unknown Ultimate Deity” (Church and School of Wicca). There is no Christian God mentioned in the Harry Potter books, but neither is there any mention of what Wiccans consider to be their “god”. The world of Harry Potter exists free of any religious or supernatural gods of any kind. Secondly, the magic that Wiccans believe is not the same magic that exists in Harry’s world. The magic of Wiccan beliefs is considered to be a spiritual experience, an energy that can be tapped into, rather than something that happens with a flick of the wrist, such as the spells cast in Harry Potter. Because the definitions of magic in the books and real Wiccan beliefs are quite different, it is not very likely for a reader to be drawn into Wicca through Harry Potter. The magic in the series is distinguished as fictional and very unrealistic in the real world.
Rowling states in an article for Time in 2005, “Magic does not make [Harry’s] world better significantly. The relationships make his world better. Magic in many ways complicates his life” (Grossman). This is yet another reason that the magic in the series is not likely to draw children into Wicca and real life witchcraft. Harry’s world is set in a world of wizards, witches, and magic, but these elements are merely plot devices that Rowling uses to tell a story of the struggle of good and evil. As Rowling states, magic is not what makes Harry’s life easier or more fun. It is not magic, but the relationships and life lessons that Harry learns that help him throughout the books and ultimately in his final confrontation with Voldemort. The difficulties and complications magic sometimes causes Harry may cause some children to wonder if magic would be helpful at all and would actually turn them off from any kind of witchcraft interest.
Over the years, rumors that Rowling herself is a witch have circulated. Rowling does touch lightly on her faith in interviews and articles, however, proving this theory incorrect. In a television special, “J. K. Rowling—A Year in the Life”, Rowling admits that she does believe in God and it is discovered that as a child she was “the only member of her family to regularly attend church.” She is also a known member of the Church of Scotland. In a 2010 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling states that she does not believe in magic, but acknowledges the appeal of it in literature. She states that the fantasy elements of her books are storytelling devices that have been around for centuries and will continue to be around for years to come. Though Rowling has admitted she does sometimes question her faith due to past life experiences, ultimately she does have beliefs similar to Christianity.
Harry Potter and Other Fantasy Literature
In 2005, a Georgia mother attempted to get the Harry Potter series banned from her children’s school library because “it’s mainstreaming witchcraft in a subtle and deceptive manner” (Associated Press). The school board voted for the books to stay because they “spark creativity and imagination” (Associated Press). The board also claimed, “Banning all books with references to witchcraft would mean classics like MacBeth and Cinderella would have to go” (Associated Press). Children’s classic fairy tales that have been around for centuries contain the same magical elements that the Harry Potter books do, yet these books not questioned or challenged because they have stood the test of time and prove to be well loved by everyone. The magic spell that turns a prince into a hideous monster in Beauty and the Beast, or the fairy godmother’s magic spell that turns Cinderella’s carriage back into a pumpkin at midnight are never questioned. Yet the magical elements in Harry Potter remain one of the biggest topics of controversy the series has seen. The fact that these books are fantasy, just like fairy tales and many other fiction books, cannot be stressed enough. The real life witchcraft that critics claim exists in these books, just is not there.
Harry Potter is often compared to other fantasy book series such as Lord of the Rings. The fact that these two particular series have a lot in common is very clear. They both take place in fantasy worlds where magic exists and a battle of good and evil is being fought. The Lord of the Rings series, however, is more widely accepted in conservative Christian circles because the author, J. R. R. Tolkien, is a self-proclaimed Christian. Abanes compares these two series, along with the Chronicles of Narnia, in his book Harry Potter, Narnia, and Lord of the Rings, claiming that Tolkien’s and Lewis’ books are great stories with good Christian morals, but parents should be cautioned about letting their children read Harry Potter. He states that, unlike Tolkien and Lewis, Rowling’s religious views are quite ambiguous and this is dangerous when reading her series of books. What Abanes, and others like him, fail to see is just how very similar Harry Potter is to the other series in both content and morals.
Abanes claims that the fantasy elements in Lord of the Rings are much different than Harry Potter because they are set in a far off place, and in a different time. Are they quite as far removed as he makes it seem? Lord of the Rings takes place in Middle Earth, a far-reaching world full of men, elves, wizards, and other types of fantastic characters. Is this world so very far away from the world of Harry Potter? Is it even very far from the real world as Abanes makes it seem? While the mythical beings are purely fictional, the hobbits are much like human beings in character, and are relatable to most readers. The Shire is much like any suburban town in America or even Europe—quiet, homey, friendly, safe. Harry Potter’s world is very similar to that of Lord of the Rings. Harry lives a normal life with his aunt and uncle in the real world, but when he finds out he is a wizard he goes off to Hogwarts, a school with moving staircases and talking portraits, far from the real world, yet just as close as Middle Earth…just a walk through the Shire away.
The characters, too, in both series have similarities. Gandalf, for example is very much like Professor Dumbledore. Both are wizards who use magic and both are written as the mentors to the heroes of the stories. They are even similar in appearance with long, flowing beards and hair. Harry Potter can also be easily compared to Frodo. Joseph Campbell would state that both fit the description of The Hero With A Thousand Faces: “A hero [who] ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural power” (30); both Harry and Frodo are unwilling, but destined heroes. Harry starts off as an ordinary boy when Lord Voldemort unknowingly “mark[s] him as his equal” (Order of the Phoenix 841) to one day be his undoing. Frodo, likewise, is chosen by the ring and is therefore the one who must destroy it. Both young men go on a long, hard spiritual journey to defeat the evil that has chosen them as its enemy.
There are even some similarities between the circumstances surrounding some of the bad guys of the series. Peter Pettigrew is a tragic character who was once a friend of Harry’s father’s, but he betrays Harry’s parents when he turns into one of Voldemort’s followers. When Pettigrew’s betrayal is discovered, Harry, instead of allowing him to be killed, saves him and tells the would-be killers, “He can go to Azkaban…but don’t kill him” (Prisoner of Azkaban 375). Although Pettigrew is the reason Harry’s parents are dead, he has the compassion to keep him from being murdered. Gollum is a character from the Lord of the Rings series and its prequel, The Hobbit, who, like Pettigrew, was once an okay guy but was turned by the temptation of evil. He meets Bilbo in The Hobbit and, also like Pettigrew, is spared his life when Bilbo has the opportunity to murder him. Both the turning from good to bad due to the temptation of evil, and the compassion that saves lives are messages that are reflected in both Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings.
The argument that Harry Potter does not share some of the same morals and symbolism as Lord of the Rings and other books written by Christian authors, like C. S. Lewis, is completely false. Harry Potter, in fact, actually adds one more Christian value that is missing from the other two series: the power of love.
Major Themes
Love is one of the biggest themes in the Harry Potter books and it cannot be argued that love is one of the most important Christian values to have. One of the most famous Bible verses of all is I Corinthians 13:4, “Love is patient and kind…” In Harry Potter, it is love that saves Harry from Voldemort’s Killing Curse when he is only a year old. It is love that saves him sixteen years later during one of his final encounters with the Dark Lord. The love that Harry has for his family and friends is the reason Voldemort cannot lay a hand on him in Sorcerer’s Stone. It is the love for his friends that allows Harry to act on the realization that has to sacrifice himself to defeat Voldemort in Deathly Hallows. This main theme of love appears over and over again in the series and is a true reflection of the love that is talked about in the Bible and the love that Christ showed his followers. Love is the real “magic” of the series.
Another major theme from the Bible that is mirrored in Harry Potter, and goes hand-in-hand with the theme of love, is self-sacrifice. Like Christ who gave his life in order to save the world from evil, Harry also makes the decision to give up his life to defeat Voldemort so the rest of the wizarding world can live in peace. Another example is in Harry’s two best friends, Ron and Hermione. In Sorcerer’s Stone, during a real life chess match, playing as the knight, Ron sacrifices himself so that Harry and Hermione can win the match and move on to get to the Sorcerer’s Stone before Voldemert does. In Deathly Hallows, Ron and Hermione both sacrifice having a normal life so they can come along with Harry on his search for the Horcruxes (pieces of Voldemort’s soul) and his journey to defeating Voldemort once and for all. These examples of sacrifice are good morals for children to learn and symbolize the ultimate biblical sacrifice of Christ on the cross.
Death is another major theme that runs throughout the books. A major Christian belief is the ability to overcome death through Christ—not physical death, but spiritual death. Dumbledore tells Harry over and over again throughout the course of the books that death is not to be feared because life goes on after physical death. Voldemort does everything he possibly can to preserve his physical body because he believes death to be the worst thing that could ever happen to him, but both Dumbledore and Harry realize that “death is but the next great adventure” (Sorcerer’s Stone 297). Voldemort’s only concern is his physical existence, not his eternal soul. Gina Burkart, in an article from the Christian Broadcasting Network, states, “Voldemort unwisely fears the body and darkness” (“Christian Lessons from Half-Blood Prince”), but “Jesus’ words of reassurance that we will have life after death with him calm us and soothe our fears” (“Christian Lessons from Half-Blood Prince”). Christians believe, like Dumbledore, that physical death is a natural part of life and it is our spiritual life that matters in the afterlife.
Morals: Right versus Wrong
Another argument against the series is that the characters often behave in ways that could be considered rebellious. Abanes addresses this topic as well in Harry Potter and the Bible, stating the characters take part in lying, deceiving, and rule breaking in order to get what they want, influencing young readers to do the same. He states, “Harry is doing just about whatever he wants to do, making decisions for himself based on what he feels is best for him” (35). However, another Christian minister and author, John Killinger defends Harry in his book God, the Devil, and Harry Potter stating, “What conservative Christians often forget, however, is that Jesus, the founder of their religion, invariably exhibited a healthy disrespect for the rules and regulations, especially when they were followed for their own sake or stood in the way of some worthy goal or achievement” (71). The point to realize here is that rules sometimes get in the way of doing the right thing.
It would seem that Perry Glanzer, an associate professor of education at Baylor University, would agree with Killinger because he also addresses this subject regarding Harry and his friends, stating, “What traditionalists fail to realize about Harry’s moral world is that school rules may actually get in the way of furthering good or preventing evil” (526). There are numerous examples throughout the series of Harry and his friends breaking the rules for the greater good and despite Abanes’ claims that Harry seems to get away with all of it, this is simply not true. In almost all of these circumstances some form of punishment is given.
In chapter ten of Sorcerer’s Stone, a mountain troll breaks into the school and all of the students are instructed to return to the dormitories while the professors track the troll down and dispose of it (172 – 179). Harry and Ron, on their way to Gryffindor tower, realize that Hermione is missing and run off to find her. While they are in direct disobedience of their professors, they realize that Hermione’s safety is more important than obeying the rules. They end up finding her in the ladies’ bathroom and saving her from the troll, who had wandered in there after her. If they had not disregarded the rules, Hermione might not have survived past the first book! Professor McGonagall gives them all a stern lecture and takes house points away from Gryffindor for the foolish behavior, proving that even breaking rules for good reasons still sometimes warrants some form of punishment.
It should be known that in each situation where Harry and his friends are about the break the rules, there is almost always a character who brings up the morality of the situation; this is usually Hermione. In Sorcerer’s Stone, when Ron and Harry sneak out late at night, it is Hermione waiting in the common room to stop them, stating, “I can’t believe you’re going to do this, Harry” (155). In Chamber of Secrets, she admits that they would have to break “about fifty school rules” (159) in order to brew poly-juice potion (a drink that makes you look like someone else when ingested) to get into the Slytherin common room to find out who has opened the Chamber of Secrets. Rowling makes the difference between right and wrong clear to her readers, but her characters realize that it is sometimes necessary to break the rules, especially when someone’s life is at stake.
Real life examples of rule breaking for a greater purpose are people such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr, and every woman who had an influence in feminist rights. Where would the country, even the world, be without these influential people who went against the rules to change the way of life for the groups of people they fought for? The Harry Potter books are no different. They teach young readers that disobedience to the rules is only acceptable in dire circumstances and even when it is necessary there may be consequences for their actions.
It must also be understood that Harry and his friends are flawed characters. In literature it is necessary to create characters who are imperfect, who make mistakes, in order to make room for the characters’ growth. Indeed by the end of the final book, Deathly Hallows, we see Harry as a mature adult who has come a long way from the eleven year old, naïve boy he started out as in Sorcerer’s Stone. He is angry at Dumbledore for the things the professor never told him, but he realizes the need to continue on the journey Dumbledore sent him on. He puts his own feelings aside, knowing that there is a greater purpose to his life and responsibilities he must carry out, despite his own personal feelings. Young readers can identify with the way Harry is feeling—angry, hurt, vengeful—yet they can learn a lot from the spiritual journey Harry has traveled. Harry’s self-discipline, especially in the final books, teaches young readers the “Christian” way to act, even when emotions are running high.
When Harry witnesses the murder of Severus Snape, the man who killed his mentor, Dumbledore, in book six, he “did not know why he was doing it, why he was approaching the dying man” (Deathly Hallows 657), but Harry takes pity on Snape as he lies there dying. When he has the chance to take revenge on Lord Voldemort, the killer of his parents and the man who has tormented Harry all these many years, he does not kill him right away, but offers him a chance at redemption, telling him, “Be a man…try…Try for some remorse…” (Deathly Hallows 741). When the time comes to end Voldemort’s reign once and for all, Harry uses a defensive spell, not the Killing Curse, or some other offensive spell, to defeat his enemy. This would seem to fall in line with Luke 6:27-28: “Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you”. Harry shows his growth as a character and mirrors Christian morals as his journey throughout the books unfolds.
Due to the argument that Harry and his friends are liars and rule breakers, Abanes also argues that the line between good and evil in the series is blurred and it is hard to distinguish between who are the good guys and who are the bad guys. He states that “Harry and all the ‘good’ characters are simply using one set of sinful behaviors to defeat another set of sinful behaviors” (Harry Potter and the Bible 137) and that “The war in Rowling’s novels is a conflict between a horrific evil…and a lesser evil…that only appears virtuous because it is so much less offensive and frightening than the greater evil” (136 – 137). This could not be more incorrect, however. Throughout the books, Harry is projected as a modest and fair character, while Voldemort is presented as pure evil.
Matthew 6:1 states, “Takes care! Don’t do your good deeds publicly, to be admired…” Harry, indeed, hates the admiration, fame, and attention he receives for being the famous Boy-Who-Lived. In Sorcerer’s Stone, when he first meets the Weasley twins and they see the lightning-shaped scar on his forehead, they stare at him, “and Harry found himself turning red” (95). In Chamber of Secrets, when a first year student tries to take Harry’s picture at every opportunity, Harry finds himself running quickly in the opposite direction. Throughout the series, anytime anyone gets star struck around him, he responds with annoyance or embarrassment. Nothing he does throughout the series is for admiration or glory. Killinger defends the boy-wizard in God, the Devil, and Harry Potter, stating that “Harry’s head is not turned by recognition and popularity because he knows these things do not in themselves constitute worthiness” (69). Harry is the perfect model of modesty.
Multiple verses in the Bible also speak of fairness—Psalm 72:2 says “…let the poor always be treated fairly” and Proverbs 16:11 says, “The Lord demands fairness…” Harry displays multiple acts of fairness throughout the series. Most notable is during the Tri-Wizard Tournament in Goblet of Fire when he finds out that the first task will be to take on a dragon. He realizes that the competitors from the other schools, Fleur Delacour and Viktor Krum, also know what they will be facing, but the other competitor from Hogwarts, Cedric Diggory, still has no idea. He goes out of his way to tell Cedric about the dragons and when Cedric asks him why, Harry replies, “It’s just…fair, isn’t it?...We all know now…we’re on even footing” (341). Harry’s sense of right and wrong is clearly portrayed through his words and actions. “His sense of right is as unfailing as the magnetic needle that finds true North” (Killinger 77). This is one of many examples throughout the series of Harry’s fairness and moral fiber.
On the other side of the coin is Lord Voldemort, the bad guy. He clearly has traits that cannot be confused with those of the virtuous Harry. He commits multiple murders with no remorse, discriminates against those who are “half-blood” or “mud-bloods” (those who come from families where only one parent has, or neither parents have, any magical ability) despite the fact that he is a half-blood himself, and thinks of himself better than any other witch or wizard in past, present, or future existence. The stark difference in their personalities could not be any clearer. Voldemort’s pure evilness, hypocrisy, and selfishness cannot even compare to the modesty and justice that Harry’s traits portray.
A major theme of the series that Rowling focuses on is choices. Everyone has the ability to choose what they will do, who they become. Dumbledore tells Harry in Chamber of Secrets, “It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly ate, far more than our abilities” (333). Harry is concerned because he is discovering more and more that he and Voldemort have a lot in common, partly due to the fact that Voldemort unwittingly transferred some of himself into Harry the night he tried to kill the young boy. He is afraid that he might become like Voldemort. Dumbledore assures him that he has nothing to worry about because Harry has chosen, and continues to choose, a different path than Voldemort. It is a good lesson for young readers because it teaches that even those who have come from a difficult past or have been exposed to bad choices can choose to rise above that and make more of their life than what they have been given.
Bible Similarities and Symbolism
Besides the major themes of love, sacrifice, and death, there are other similarities and symbolism that can be found throughout the series that closely resemble those in the Bible. Whether Rowling purposely put these there or not is up for debate, but the fact remains that they still exist and parallels between the series and the Bible can be drawn from them.
Christ is described in Revelation 5:5 as a lion: “…Stop weeping! Look, the Lion of the tribe of Judah…has conquered”. This imagery of Christ can be seen in the Harry Potter series as well. Harry’s house at Hogwarts (the Hogwarts houses are like sororities or fraternities and represent the rivalry between school sports teams) is Gryffindor, which happens to be represented by a lion mascot—a powerful representation of the courage and chivalry one must possess to be a Gryffindor. On the opposing side, the Slytherin house, where Voldemort resided during his time at Hogwarts, is represented by a snake, the Biblical symbol for Satan or the devil. The Sorting Hat explains the main characteristics of the Slytherins best when Harry hears it sing for the first time in Sorcerer’s Stone, “Those cunning folk use any means / To achieve their ends” (Sorcerer’s Stone 118). Rowling uses Biblical imagery to distinguish between the Christ-like characters of Gryffindor and the sly, selfish attitudes of the Slytherins.
Another similarity to Christian values found in the books is that Rowling actually uses Bible verses in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and even places them front and center on two very significant graves in Harry’s hometown of Godric’s Hollow. Matthew 6:21, “For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also,” appears on the graves of Harry’s parents, James and Lily Potter. Corinthians 15:26, “And the last enemy that shall be defeated is death,” is on the grave of Dumbledore’s family. These verses echo the main themes of the books and show Rowling’s knowledge of biblical values, proving that she is surely promoting Christian views over Wiccan beliefs.
Harry’s own life is similar to Christ’s life. Both Jesus and Harry escape death when they are just babies and end up being the ones that need to sacrifice themselves when they are older to save the rest of the world. Harry allows a Killing Curse to hit him in order to kill the piece of Voldemort’s soul that resides inside him while Jesus allows himself to be crucified on the cross. Jesus rose from the dead three days later, while Harry was also “resurrected” when his mother’s protection once again saved him. Both Harry and Christ feel abandoned by their mentors at one point. Christ cries out from the cross “Why have you forsaken me?” ( Mark 15: 34) while in Deathly Hallows, Harry feels that Dumbledore did not tell him everything he needs to know to defeat Voldemort, leaving him feel hopeless and alone. Harry and Christ both walk very similar paths in life, which is just one more example of Biblical symbolism in the books.
Good versus Evil
Ultimately this is a story of good against evil, just like any other epic fantasy tale and just like Christianity. Harry is a young, innocent boy who must defeat an evil murderous Dark Lord. Harry is the Christ-like figure in the series, while Voldemort is the representation of the devil. Harry, with Dumbledore’s Father-like guidance, must travel this seven year journey, discovering more about himself and his enemy to prepare himself for the final confrontation. Just like Frodo in Lord of the Rings, just like the main heroes in fairy tales, and just like Christ, Harry struggles against incredible odds to defeat the evil that terrorizes the world. The values of love, friendship, and hope shine through against powers of evil, proving that good will always prevail.
Family Time
The world is full of media that give confusing messages and conflicting views. Every parent has the right to filter through this media in order to help their children grow and develop in the way that they see fit. If a child is interested in reading Harry Potter and the parent is afraid of what kind of influence the books may be on them, Connie Neal, a Bible school teacher and youth worker volunteer, has a suggestion. Neal, who has published an article with the Christian Broadcasting Network on the subject of Harry Potter, has read the books carefully and has decided that they can be used “to educate and warn our children against the real occult influences in our world today, and to train them in discernment of good and evil” (Neal). Her suggestion is to read the books aloud with the child and explain the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, along the way. The parent’s spiritual views can be inserted wherever they may come into question. Neal states, “We have even found a way to use these popular stories as a connecting point through which we have been able to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ.” For parents who are on the fence about letting their children read the series, this is a good compromise, and Neal’s article is a good example of how a Christian mother has had her opinion changed about the books when reading them with an open mind.
Conclusion
Parents have every right, even the responsibility, to make sure that what their children are reading is appropriate for their age and maturity level. However, Harry Potter is often judged too severely by parents whose religious leaders warn them that the series may influence their kids in the wrong ways. Arguments that the morals in the series are bad or that the books promote real witchcraft are weak, considering the clear comparisons that can be made to biblical examples and Christian values. The popularity of these books has taken the world by storm and left some wondering why that is, but many come to the wrong conclusions. It is not because the books drag children into the world of witchcraft. It is not because they teach children that disobedience and being rebellious is okay. It is because the characters are relatable to so many people, good triumphs over evil, and most importantly, because they touch the heart of everyone who reads them. The true magic of the series is not casting spells and riding broomsticks, but the love and hope that drive the story and that make the books worth reading in the first place.
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